Explore mechanical mixtures and a variety of ways of separation. Take a look and try the experiments!

Particle Theory of matter

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1. All matter is made up of extremely tiny particles.

2. Each pure substance has its own kind of particle, different from the particles of other pure substances.

3. Particles attract each other by very strong electric forces.

4. Particles are always moving.

5. Particles at a high temperature move faster on average than particles at lower temperature.


These rules explain the following:

1. Pure substance are homogeneous (one phase - one unique kind of particle)

2. Physical Changes (ex. melting)

3. Characteristic Physical Properties (ex. density)





Solid State
Particles of solids are held in place by strong electrostatic forces and are densely packed together. Particles of solids vibrate constantly due to their internal energy but they cannot move from one place to another.  Particles of solids possess only vibrational energy.

Liquid State
Particles of liquids are kept together by forces of attraction that are weaker than those of solid particles. Within the walls of the container they can move from place to place bumping into the sides of the container and into other particles. This type of energy is called translational energy.  This energy gives a liquid  the ability to flow and be poured and to spread when a liquid is spilled.  Liquid particles also have vibrational energy.

Gas State
The forces of attraction that hold them together are very weak and the spaces between them are much larger than the spaces between solid and liquid particles. Particles of gases can move  from  place to place within a container bumping against the walls of  the container and against other particles. They rotate and vibrate at the same time.  Particles of gases have rotational, translational and vibrational energy.  This explains why they can escape from a container very easily and they can put pressure on the side of the container (example a balloon or a tire).
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